Leadership And Change Management

Administration And Change Management Administration is an arrangement of multidirectional, equal impact forms among numerous people at various levels, in various subunits and inside official groups (Yukl 1994, p. 459). It is the best approach to acheive the gaol and rouse the individuals to do best. Initiative is the wellspring of motivation and it shows the activity and method of acts to do. Initiative is considered as a result of complex social connections (Dachler 1988). Momentum hypothetical methodologies on administration research is worry about a more prominent degree job of initiative examination which portray and give some understanding and suggests for viable pioneer conduct and regulating models. They center more around clarifications of administration forms, portraying pioneer practices, and present why practices happen in specific circumstances. In the event that there are conduct suggestions are accessible it implies this is generally accomplished all the more cautiously and once in a while with no way of t hinking that the sky is the limit. Current administration speculations are tolerating the cutoff points which have pioneer impact. The best chiefs are those generally keen on encircle themselves with collaborators and partners more intelligent than they are. They are straight to the point in conceding this and are eager to pay for such talents.(Amos Parrish). Pioneer is an individual who rules or directs or motivates others(Andrew, 2007). A pioneer is an individual having character which others need to tail him. They may not generally settle on right choices yet they are certain about hte decion making and they know when they should change their bearings and why. Considerably after a couple of mix-ups a pioneer won't lose their adherents certainty . Pioneers are perceived, not picked or chose. To put it plainly, pioneers have something unprecedented as a part of their character to move their adherents. They have the characteristics that the others dont have. It is an intengible trademark that can't be clarified. In any case, hte truth is that when we see it, we will remember it. Contemporary hypothetical ideas have presumptions that administration must be comprehended. Following Hunts arrangement authority approaches on a continuum from objectivistic to subjectivistic (Hunt 1991), they are bound to introduce it as subjectivistic reason. In the event that customary examples of clarification remembered for the substance of more current methodologies, contemporary hypotheses, these are by and large must be comprehended as a preferred position of old style hypothesis. There are some specific individuals that others tail them, they like there style, work and unprecedented exercises. On the off chance that we take a gander at hierarchical occasions, there is somebody who have the initiative characteristics, these are individuals who are eager to request and mention to the others what they need to do and what to do, and have the regard of others or addition that regard. Numerous pictures made by motivations from initiative. They have their own personality and popularity on the planet. Extraordinary people like, Hitler, Jinnah, Gandhi or Napoleon. The story around these individuals show that they went from such huge numbers of emergency where demonstrations of one individual who is the main peosonality, are significant and individuals respect to follow choice of their pioneer. Pioneers can choose, what can do and what they need to do and they convey thier message to others to impart and pass thier message to other people. When these are missing or can't convey their thoughts then there might be issue. Nature of administration is achievement of gatherings and associations. There are such huge numbers of definitions for the authority quality. There are such a large number of initiative characteristics and four principle things are to lead impact on others. Second, where there are pioneers and there are supporters also. Third, pioneers must show up or i nclude when there is emergency or unique issue. The pioneers have quality that they appear to come noticeable when a creative activity from opposite side is required. Fourthly, pioneers are the individuals who realize that what they need to do and what they ought to do in future and why they should impliment their stretegy. In this way, pioneers are the individuals who have clear vision about the reasoning and choice that what they ought to do in unsure circumstances and who have the affecting personility in the activities, contemplations and constructive perspectives and considering others. For this situation, pioneers characteristics are close to home. It relies upon people characteristics and activities. Pioneer can be chief or master. May be not all supervisors can be pioneers and not all pioneers can be chiefs. In writing of initiative there have been four ages of speculations: Attribute speculations. Conduct speculations. Possibility hypotheses. Transformational hypotheses. Pioneers are individual who can clarify themselves(Warren Bennis,2004). In the event that we get the information about the lives of individuals who have denoted that they are the extraordinary characters or incredible viable pioneers, it make it clears that they have totally different characteristics. On the off chance that we consider political characters like Nelson Mandela, Ghandi, Margeret Thatcher and Mao Zedong then we will affirm that these are the characters who have extraordinary effect on the supporters. The general characteristics or qualities ought to be in pioneers. Stogdill (1948) and Mann (1959) detailed in a study that numerous examinations have come about that the character and qualities separate pioneers from thier followers(Stogdill,1948). John Gardner(1989) examined an enormous number of North American associations and pioneers and presume that there are a few characteristics or practices that show up in a pioneer. These include:  · Physical, intellectually and mind making endurance  · Most Intelligence and activity taking judgment  · Crucuial to acknowledge obligation and demands  · Task tolerating  · Understanding of individuals and address and fullfil their issues  · Skill in correspondence with individuals and adherents.  · Courage to acheive their objective  · Courage to inspire individuals  · Resolution  · Trustable character and mentality  · Courage to decieve  · Self certainty . Couraging character  · Challenges tolerating character We for the most part have heard that pioneers records concerns their obvious maleness (Rosener, 1997). Infrequently, we heard that ladies is pioneer. The characteristics which are connected with initiative are for the most part male. May be the authority attributes are gendered and generally these qualities are in male. The conduct of pioneer additionally tallies. They moved from pioneer to administration. On the off chance that pioneers are loved and regarded, at that point they can have more help and reinforcement from their adherents. The effective initiative depends on quantifiable and learnable practices i.e, pioneers are made, not conceived. These broad and efficient investigations expected to distinguish practices related with viable gathering administration. Blake and Mouton (1964) built up the Managerial Grid which sorted pioneers dependent on their predominant practices. These scientists were gaining ground in indentifying what conduct recognized from adherents. These practices could be educated. That is the reason these scientists infer that pioneers are made, not conceived. Albeit social ways to deal with authority offered a more extensive degree than quality hypothesis. Specialists can't distinguish a particular arrangement of authority practices. Possibility Theory works on the reason that the pioneers capacity depends on various circumstances and the structure of the job needing to be done of the pioneers (Fred Feidler,2001). Fred Feidler contended that pioneer adequacy relies upon two related elements one is that the initiative style and the instruction or circumstance which power the individual to turn into a pioneer. He likewise built up a scale (LPC) to quantify how much a people initiative style tended towards the devotees. There are four pioneer practices: orders, strong, participative and accomplishment arranged and furthermore endeavors to represent a lot more accomplishment factors than past investigations (R.J.House and T.R.Mitchells Path objective Theory (1974)). Way objective hypothesis clarify how and why certain pioneer practices bring about wanted results. This hypothesis recommend that pioneers are essentially answerable for helping their devotees create practices that prompts accomplish their objective or wanted result. Victor.H.Vroom and Philip. W. Yetton (1973) recommend the utilization of co-usable dynamic in a hierarchical setting. They make a decion tree to respond to the inquiries regarding the idea of the followres and issue to be settled. A pioneer can figure out what kind of administration style ought to be utilized by following the valuable thoughts of the choice tree. Value-based authority is essentially in contingncy and is contingnt upon execution . The pioneer, who have force and command over their representatives or devotees, gives new thoughts or recommendations to adherents to do what the pioneer needs. The examination relies upon its restrictions. Value-based methodology is continued with the flexibly and request circumstance. In any case, value-based administration is less successful than others and it needs more methodologies. Value-based authority takes a shot at the suspicion that individuals follow the individual who moves them. The last is a procedure wherein all pioneers and devotees can help and acclimate everybody with the new thoughts and their musings (Jamess. Consumes ,1978). He presented the ideas of both value-based and transformational administration. This methodology makes essentialness change in the life of individuals and associations. (Bernard.M. Bass, 1985) stands out transformational initiative from value-based authority. While value-based authority just includes a trade that prompts wanted results, transformational administration persuades the individuals to accomplish more than desires( Bass, 1985). Ongoing hypotheses on authority are the procedure wherein pioneers are not considered as people accountable for the supporters, however are consider as individuals from a network of training. This people group can be characterized that the individuals join their thoughts and offer history and acquaint the p

Project Management- Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Venture Management- - Essay Example From the turn of the thousand years to 2002, the industry became over 200% and produced incomes about $289 million of every 2002 alone. In 2004, the income produced by this industry totaled up to around $947 million. Besides, positive thinking kept on running high as an examination bunch predicated that the development of ICT-based administrations would develop to $200 billion before the decade's over, with call focuses getting a charge out of a decent amount of $42 billion of the income (White, 2014). Reports guarantee that the United States alone cases over 1.5 million seats and another 1 million holding on to be re-appropriated and the United Kingdom just has around 500,000 seats just standing by to be redistributed. Keeping in accordance with this, this paper will talk about the way toward making another control and call focus that will house the police, emergency vehicle and fire salvage crisis administrations, which will get and manage every one of the 999 crisis and non-crisis calls that will be utilized by both England and Wales residents. In detail, it will (1) recognize key informative perspectives/issues/contentions identifying with this venture; (2) survey the advantages/qualities and issues/shortcomings/weaknesses/entanglements, pertinent, as far as actualizing the pilot; (3) evaluate the degree to which formal program and undertaking the executives would give cost or potentially effectiveness reserve funds; and (4) give a lot of good practice/direction suggestions that can be confirm as well as upheld from the finding of your audit. A call place alludes to a midway based client care activity where its specialists manage calls for the benefit of a client/guest (D’Cruz and Noronha, 2006). Clients differ from crisis guests, non-crisis guests, mail-request list houses, PC item help work areas, telemarketing organizations, banks, protection gatherings and money related administrations, transportation and cargo taking care of firms, IT organizations and lodgings, among others. The

Why Is My Addicted Loved One Always Telling Lies

Why Is My Addicted Loved One Always Telling Lies Addiction Addictive Behaviors Print Why Addicts Lie Even to Loved Ones By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Updated on June 29, 2019 Howard Kingsnorth / Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Caffeine Internet Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Addicts lie to cover up their addictive behavior for a variety of reasons, so dont take it personally. Here are some of the reasons why addicts compulsively lie and how you can try to deal with this behavior effectively. Addicts Lie to Avoid Confrontation Addicts often want to avoid confrontation because theyve used their addictive behavior as a coping strategy for so long, they often dont have other well-developed ways of dealing with the stresses of life. When tackling a difficult topic, try to stay matter-of-fact about it. Use language to reflect your own perspective, rather than blaming the addict. People With Addictions Don’t Like Forced Change Addicts tend to have a stubborn streak.  They know their behavior isn’t in anyone’s best interests, especially their own, but have decided it works for them, and they are sticking to it. Eventually, addicts can and do change when they realize the consequences of their behavior will continue to worsen unless they do something different. Addicts often lie about the extent of their addictive behavior, because they want to avoid you pressuring them to change. Try to provide information that might influence the addict in your life to make up their own mind to change, instead of trying to persuade them to change. Addicts Want to Escape Negativity Addicts often see their behavior as a kind of holding pattern, hoping things will work themselves out and the addiction will disappear. They dont want you to remind them about the negative aspects of their behavior, especially if it is in a blaming way. When an addict feels constantly criticized by loved ones they lie to cover up their behavior. Try to focus on what will be better if things change, not what will be worse if they don’t. Loved Ones Enable Lying You know your loved one just lied because you know what really happened. But for some reason, you allow them to lie without letting them know that you know. This sends one of two messages: You told a lie and I didn’t notice â€" so if you lie again, I might not notice next time either.You told a lie and I did notice, but I’m pretending to believe you â€" so if you lie again, I’ll pretend I believe you that time as well. In this case, either avoid discussing the subject completely  or simply state what you know happened, rather than going along with the lie. Life Without Addiction Can Seem Like a Void An addicts life revolves around their addictive behavior. Although they plan to quit “one day,” for today, life without their addiction seems frighteningly empty. If you don’t understand how this emptiness drives people back into their addictive behavior, they will tune in to that, and lie to shut you up. Mention in a kind and positive way what you would like to see happening instead of the addictive behavior, preferably before the addictive behavior becomes part of your routine. Addicts Feel Ashamed Addictions often make the people around them behave in ways that cause them embarrassment and regret. When you point this out, they lie to avoid feeling ashamed. Going along with an addicts lie is a form of enabling that may avoid outward embarrassment but will do nothing to relieve your loved one’s inner emotional pain.

Ideas for Engineering Science Fair Projects

Engineering science fair projects can involve designing, building, analyzing, modeling, or improving a device. You can also test or create materials. Here are some specific ideas for engineering science fair projects. What is the best material to put in a sandbag to block water, such as during a flood?How tall can you build a tower using only a sheet of ​paper? You can cut it, fold it, crumple it, but only use that single material. What works best?Compare the characteristics of a structure that is made using different materials. You can compare strength, corrosion resistance, and elasticity. Be creative. The trick is to make certain your measurements are truly comparable to each other.What can you do with a swim cap to optimize its ability to decrease drag in water? Can you alter the shape? Does one material work substantially better than another?Which type of paper towel absorbs the most water? Which brand absorbs the most oil? Are they the same brand?What differences do you note in the ability of different soils to support a structure?What type of paper airplane flies the furthest and stays aloft the longest?How can you map a magnetic field? Can you construct a device, using iron filings, that can be reused for field mapping?Construct a Lego building. Now try to make the same building on an incline, such as a 30-degree slope. What changes do you need to make in order to make it stable?How does a change in the construction of a parachute affect flight? Parameters you could examine include size, shape, material, and/or method of attachment.

The Role Of Government And Foreign Trade Policies Essay

The role that Government should play in trade policy has been long debated over the years and is constantly changing to keep up with the needs and wants of a country. International trade policies are vital to any countries prosperity, and more specifically the economic development. Trade Policy is a set of rules and guidelines that determine how a country acts towards another in regards to trade and global business whether it be through free-trade or protectionism. The Governments role in trade policies include regulation, allocation, distribution and stabilization although not only limited to just trade (Harding, 2016). Regarding the role of government specific to trade policy, government should be involved to a certain extent with the major decisions not just being made by one body or group. Through the idea of free trade with specific sectors in the industry adopting protectionism traits to safeguard their local goods and services will ultimately bring a country more economic grow th and stability. Overseas trade is very important to a countries economic well being. (Wilson, 2015). Trade policies are ultimately in place to allow countries to expand their local market through free trade or protect their local goods though protectionism. Protectionism is widely used throughout the world such as countries apart of the European Union (Barone Bendini, 2015). Protectionism helps limit imports and support exports, protecting local goods such as agriculture in New Zealand dueShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Foreign Policy On International Trade Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst involvement of government in international trade, many people have posed their opinion about what the role of government should be in it. Different factors are involved when it comes to deciding what this should be. It impacts a lot of people, so in order to do that, trade policy must be properly defined, identify what the roles of government currently are, and their involvement in it, and then analyse what sh ould be their role. Trade policy is how a country carries out trade with other countriesRead MoreThe Impact Of International Trade Policy On New Zealand And Other Countries Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pages International trade policy is an important part of how the word does business and there is the underlying question about how it should be done and what part the government should play not just in New Zealand but around the world. New Zealand is a country that has great trade policies, these trade policies help create a great reputation for being free flowing and business friendly. Trade policy is defined as the laws around the exchange or goods between countries. In this essay, I will begin by discussingRead MoreAustralia: The Foreign Policy of the Hawke-Keating Government1501 Words   |  7 Pages The paradigm shift of Australian foreign policy from reliance on security through ‘‘great and powerful friends’’ towards the formation and strengthening of diplomatic and cultural relations with the Asia-Pacific region began arguably under the Whitlam government and has since become the predominant focus of foreign policy for both major parties. As a result, there exists a latent similarity in the foreign policy of successive Australian governments across the last 40 years that becomes more pronouncedRead MoreForeign Policy Is Shaped Based On The Best Interests Of The Country1600 Words   |  7 PagesForeign policy is shaped based on the best interests of the country. When establishing foreign policies, the focus will be on advancing the goals of the nation. Foreign policy guides how America conducts business as well as develops political, and social relations with other countries. National interests covers a wide array of topics from trade, to economics, to terrorism. When America was first established, the only goals was to prevent European dominance. Once Europe was prevented from colonizingRead MoreForeign Direct Investment Of India1718 Words   |  7 PagesForeign Direct Investment in India Foreign Direct Investment Foreign Direct Investment is the investment of a country domestic assets into foreign structures, equipment and organizations, but does not include investment into stock markets. Foreign direct investment reflects the objective of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident entity in one economy (direct investor) in an entity resident in an economy other than that of the investor (direct investment enterprise). The lasting interest impliesRead MoreChecks And Balances Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pageschecks and balances in the United States (US) Government was a goal achieved by dividing power into three governmental branches; legislative branch (Congress), executive branch (Presidency), and a judiciary branch. The power flows from the Judicial Branch to both Congress and Presidency and back again from both branches. The power also flows back and forth between Congress and the Presidency. According to Founder James Madison, they had to â€Å"enable the government to control the govern ed, and the next placeRead MoreImpact Of Trade Relations On International Trade1485 Words   |  6 Pagesdependant on international trade and the government plays a big role in this through forming their trade policy (Miller, 2010). In the past smaller countries have relied on trading with bigger nations, but in the mid-1960’s a lot of countries looked to pursue independence in their foreign policy. Even though we live in this new technological and global age, forming trade relations is vital to our economy. Every country has different trade policies which determine how trade occurs between themselvesRead MoreRole Of A Nation s Government Plays On International Competitiveness And Uses Theories Essay1616 Words   |  7 PagesNew trade theorist, Michael Porter, described the role of governments in international business as one of â€Å"catalyst and challenger† (Pettus Hemls, 2008). A nation’s government has the capacity to control international business handli ng through the implementation of policies, actions and affairs. This essay aims to discuss the role a nation’s government plays in their international competitiveness and uses theories such as protectionism, neo-mercantilism and Porter’s Diamond, as well as real lifeRead MoreDemocracy In Australia Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesThe Australian government and other non-state actors like multinational businesses, the press media and tourists should remain vigilant when interacting or doing business in China. Australia has joined strong allies the US, Japan and other Europe to condemn Chinas human rights violation and its commitment to restore international order on the United National Human Rights Council (Wen, 2017). In the 21st Century Australia is lobbying to ensure everyone have the same rights, treatment, equality beforeRead MoreInternational Trade : The United States1461 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational trade to connect people, business and market. The economist emphasize about the international trade can increase the production of goods and service, increase the demand from the consumer in local or international, the diversification of goods and services and the stability in the supply and prices of goods and services. As a result, it becomes the main part of the international business and motivated countries to trade with borders. The United States implied the government intervention

Smart Phones Classroom Friends or Foes Free Essays

Smart Phones: Classroom Friends or Foes? It’s no surprise that these days all across the United States in any high school and in any classroom, one can find teenagers avidly texting under their desks or behind their text books. While texting may seem innocent enough to the students committing the act, it also proposes the danger and risk that the student could be getting answers for the quiz that they are taking from a friend that’s outside the classroom. The introduction of smart phones, such as the iPhone and the Blackberry seem to have made matters of this phenomenon even worse. We will write a custom essay sample on Smart Phones: Classroom Friends or Foes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now, instead of just having access to other students via texting, kids have the ability to surf the internet or upload audio clips on their cell phones that could be helpful to them while they’re in class. While some would argue that the access to all this information could, in fact, be beneficial to students in the classroom, others would argue the exact opposite. The increased use of these smart phones decreases a student’s attention span, expands the amount of cheating done, exposes students to information that might not be correct, and also increases the amount of disturbances in a classroom.Students of this century rely heavily on the internet to get them through their studies and now that the access to the internet is available on their phones, that reliance will grow to be even greater. With that constant growing reliance on these smart phones, the quality of this generation’s education will begin rapidly decreasing. The ability to concentrate in class and on the lecture the teacher is giving is already a difficult task itself to most students, even without the introduction of texting, music players, or the smart phones.By adding those components the attention level paid to the lesson is slowly diminishing. A student wanting to waste time in class not only has the option to stare out of the window, but now, they can bury their phones in their books and text, surf the web, and listen to music. Now that these devices, such as the iPhone and the Blackberry are available, students don’t have to worry about how they can preoccupy their time, they just have to take out their phones. Cheating is another hindrance that has been more wide spread now that texting has been presented into the classroom.This act of getting answers from one another has been even more enhanced with the rise of smart phones. Now, the student doesn’t only have to rely on their friend, but they have a better option: the internet. These phones allow the students to get on the internet and search for the answers that they need. The iPhone and Blackberry only encourage students to quickly memorize what they get off the web, instead of actually studying the material in depth. Why study when you can get the answers at the tips of your fingers?Also, with programs and features available such as Cha Cha, a number where the student can text a question and receive the answer in a text, the possibility of cheating gets higher and higher. Another problem presented by these phones and their access to the internet is the falsified information on the world wide web. It is highly unusual to find a good source when searching for answers on web search engines such as Google and Yahoo. Also, there is not much time or thinking needed when keying in some words on to these search engines to get the answer that is desired, and who’s to say that the material generated isn’t completely false?The first website that Goog le provides is always Wikipedia, and since Wikipedia can be altered by anybody, the information on it isn’t necessarily credible. Other sites that are provided by Google are usually blogs or personal opinion essays that aren’t very credible at all, either. This decreases the amount the student is learning because instead of studying the correct material before a big test, they can just get quick and easy answers off of their phones right away, not necessarily guaranteeing that these answers they receive are correct,Also, with the growing use of these phones it is more likely that a disturbance will occur in class. Even without these smart phones, a text or a call can happened during class and the ringer can go off, disrupting everybody. The iPhone and Blackberry also include alarms, calendars, and music, etc†¦ and at any time, one of these components can go off in class. This disruption takes time away from the lecture or lesson the teacher is trying to give.Since almost every student can be found on their phones, that means the rate of disturbances will also go up. All of these distractions take a lot of time away from learning: a text message goes off here, an alarm goes off there, and someone’s music might start acciden tally playing. Since the focus is more on these devices that keep going off, students don’t get the most fulfilling learning experience in class. Smart phones, such as the iPhone and the Blackberry, have the potential to completely decrease the amount of learning done in the classroom.While one can argue that they are a beneficial tool that can be used by the students, any classroom in any high school shows the total opposite. These phones have more cons than pros when it comes to their uses in the classroom: their ability to increase cheating, disruptive behavior, falsified information provided by them, and their ability to make students pay attention less in class. Overall, the smart phones will lower the standards and the quality of the education taught today because of these unfortunate cons. How to cite Smart Phones: Classroom Friends or Foes, Papers

Fraternities And Gang Rape Essay Example For Students

Fraternities And Gang Rape Essay Of the 24 documented cases of alleged gang rape by college students in the past 10 years, fraternity men perpetrated 13. The problem of group sexual assault on college campuses mainly occurs in an environment where group behavior and acceptance is important to the men involved, i.e. fraternities (Bechhofer Parrot 144). Looking at the environment surrounding this type of group one can see what causes the prevalence of this type of assault in fraternities. Why does this violence occur within these groups and how is it handled? The dynamics involved in the fraternitys system causes a group-think mentality that promotes and sometimes causes group sexual assault. This group influence, along with the fraternitys selection of men and their adherence to traditional sex role stereotypes reinforces myths of acceptable behavior in men and women and how these play a role concerning consequences. Specific dynamics come into play when discussing how groups of people who might not otherwise act in dividually take part in sexual assaults with other members of their group. The theory of diffusion of responsibility suggests that in situations where the presence of others acting in a similar fashion diminishes the feeling of responsibility any individual feels for the harmful consequences of his or her own behavior (Bechhofer Parrot ed. 147-148). With respect to fraternities, the brother feels less like his own self and more like he is just participating in something that all his brothers are doing as well. They share the blame. A fraternity brother begins to think of the activity as something his brothers are doing and joins in under the influence of a shared activity. Other things may play into the idea that the assailant is not acting alone and is not solely responsible for his actions. Deindividuation is a theory of group behavior that refers to a state of loss of self-awareness, including awareness of ones beliefs, attitudes, and self-standards. This promotes group spirit. In fraternities, Alcohol is used to get group consensus by allowing an escape from ones self-consciousness. Group loyalty will also cause people in a group to deindividualize by taking on the groups identity (Bechhofer ; Parrot 148). In an environment such as a fraternity where incoming pledges are looking to be accepted by a group of men who have the power to reject them, they are greatly influenced by the behavior of the group. Modeling can become a factor in making sexual assault seen as something that is acceptable. Not only does it give the information to the member, it at times shows them how it is done. This can be very influential to incoming members who see fraternities as social leaders and may not question their behavior. Along with these dynamics of group behavior, there are significant attitudes present in the fraternity environment that breeds sexual violence. Sex-roles play an important part in fraternities and how and what is expected from women and men. Peggy Reeves Sanday, suggests that there are Rape-free and Rape prone societies, and fraternities fit the mark for attitudes in a Rape-prone environment. Sanday states that,A rape-prone society is one in which the incidence of rape is reported by observers to be high, or rape is excused a ceremonial expression of masculinity, or rape is an act by which men are allowed to punish or threaten women. (Sanday, VIOLENCE p. 193) Fraternities can be an example of this type of environment. Sanday also suggests that these men fall into the Western cultural myth that man is an animal that evolved with his dominance over women. These men see themselves as being powerful and privileged in their situation as a brother, as well as in being a man in general. Playing out this traditional misogynistic view rationalizes a boys will be boys attitude that, as will be looked at later, affects how this behavior is seen by the community (Sanday 193). The types of men selected to become members of the fraternities reinforce the behaviors and ideas of powerful macho men and perpetuate the cycle of behavior. Fraternities attract a certain type of male, more insecure than average: men whose psychological and social bonds to parents, especially their mothers, have not yet been broken (Hirsch 53). These insecure men tend to find the fraternity life attractive, it allows them to find an identity within the group. Initiation rituals for pledges that wish to join the fraternity back up the misogynistic and unequal views on the masculine and feminine. Sanday states that:The ritual produces anxiety by representing the feminine to the pledge as both dirty and as part of his subjectivity. The ritual then resolves the anxiety by cleansing the pledge of his supposed feminine identification and promising him a lifelong position in a purified male social order. (Sanday 171)These rituals often involve the violent abuse of pledges, therefor showing them that this type of violence against those who are being submissive (pledges), is an integral part of their bonding. Out of this feeling of superiority and power that the members get from being in their privileged male status, a sexual double arises. Men are predators who are rewarded for their conquests; women on the other hand are punished either way. One Greek man stated that, Women who sleep around are sluts and get bad reputations; men who do are champions and get a pat on the back from their brothers. Greek men have also stated that they feel pressure to disrespect women when they are in the group (Boswell 141). Boswell states that fraternity men usually treat the girlfriends of members with more respect (138). This can be linked to the fact that they are already possessed by a man, whereas the girls with out boyfriends must be looking for a man. The idea that men must act out their sexual urges and women should remain passive and naive about sex is accepted and can be used against an assaulted victim if it goes to trial. A Tale Of Two Cities Theme EssayMany rituals in fraternities are done for the bond of the brothers, yet certain behaviors are extreme to separate any confusion of their heterosexuality, especially when it is a bunch of men living together. In party sexual activities, Sanday suggests that fraternity brothers split lust from love. She states that:Such a split is necessary for homophobic men living in groups structured by ties demanding mutual loyalty. These men must be careful not to act out sexual feelings for a loved brother lest it compromise their status as privileged, heterosexual males, nor can they show loyalty or love for a party woman lest this weaken the fraternal bond. (Sanday 37)The idea of fraternal bond as a male power transfers the act of gang rape not into a masculine claiming of power and dominance of women. Women being seen as those who are weak and need to be dominated. This motivation as well as the overall idea that women want it is underline in our culture and s ystem and have made it difficult for the prosecution of gang rapes. Many often lead to victim blaming and an idea that fraternity men have a sort of status in society, mostly coming from middle to upper class homes. The act of victim blaming comes up with gang rape, as well as many other rape cases. The fraternity gang rape cases are particularly hard due to a lack of concern from the University Officials. Usually no action is taken so that the University can look good. The Universitys actions were so mild in one rape case that the faculty put together a committee to investigate the proceedings. They learned that the mild sanctions placed on the six fraternity members who raped a student included, writing assignments, discussions, and community service. This was supposed to make the respondents understand why their actions were wrong and to foster their development as mature and responsible adults (Sanday 77). The mild punishment that was given to these men can be seen in many other instances of rape trials, where the women ends up on trial instead of the man or men who raped her. In an Michigan State University rape in 1984 where seven college students were tried for 3rd degree sexual assault of a 17-year-old MSU student in a dormitory. Five defense attorneys each displayed the victims jeans and football jersey before the court and asked why she wasnt wearing a bra when she went to the party (Bechhofer Parrot ed. 140). As Sanday states, By blaming women for provoking male sexual aggression, women are controlled through the agency of fear. This causes an aggressive attitudes in men and a passive, fearful attitude in women (89). This then keeps the gender hierarchy in check. The problem of gang rape in fraternities around the country is one that needs to be seen through the workings of an intricate system of values and beliefs. The facts that these men live in confined quarters together and have certain beliefs of power, privilege, and loyalty to their brothers, causes attitudes of misogyny and violent behavior toward women. The dynamics of group behavior as well as the environment that is created by many people with these beliefs living together and choosing new members, perpetuates this cycle of violence. BibliographyBechhofer, Laurie and Andrea Parrot ed. Acquaintance Rape: The Hidden Crime. John Wiley Sons, New York. 1991. Boeringer, Scott B. Influences of fraternity membership, athletics and male living arrangements of sexual aggression. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN, V.2, NO.2, JUNE, pp. 134-147; 1996. ISSN: 1077-8012Boswell, A. Ayres; Spade, Joan Z. Fraternities and collegiate rape culture: Why are some fraternities more dangerous places for women? GENDER SOCIETY, V.10, NO.2, APRIL, pp. 133-147 1996. ISSN: 0891-2432Cook, Sarah L. Acceptance and expectation of sexual aggression in college students. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY, V.19, NO.2, JUNE, pp. 181-194; 1995 ISSN: 0361-6843Hirsch, Kathleen. Fraternities of fearGang rape, male bonding, and the silencing of women. Ms.; Vol. 1; pp. 52-6; S-O 1990. Hummer, Robert A. and Patricia Yancey Martin. Fraternities and Rape on Campus. Violence Against Women the Bloody Footprints. Ed. Pauline B. Bart and Eileen Geil Moran. California: SAGE Publications, Inc., 1993. 114-129. Koss, Mary P.; Cleveland III, Hobart H. Commentary: Athletic participation, fraternity membership, anddate rape: The question remainsself-selection or different causal processes? VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN,V.2, NO.2, JUNE, pp. 180-190; 1996. ISSN: 1077-8012Sanday, Peggy Reeves. Fraternity gang rape: sex, brotherhood, and privilege on campus. New York: NewYork University Press, c1990. Sanday, Peggy Reeves Commentary: Rape-prone versus rape-free campus cultures. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN, V.2, NO.2, JUNE, pp. 191-208; 1996. ISSN 1077-8012Schwartz, Martin D.; Nogrady, Carol A. Fraternity membership, rape myths, and sexual aggression on a college campus. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN, V.2, NO.2, JUNE, pp. 148-162; 1996. ISSN: 1077-8012

Outlining your argument Essay Example

Outlining your argument Essay The NY Soda Ban can be viewed in many different ways with many different understandings. Some people view the Soda Ban as a good thing, while others see it as just another restriction. Body Part I al. State your claim a. The NYC Soda ban is not as bad as it may seem, and in fact it may prove to be a good thing; it shows the public that the soda ban was implemented for a better cause Ill. Point A A. Make your first point a. The soda ban can help save the lives of obese people by preventing them from doing more harm to their bodies B. Support your first point a. Not allowing people to buy ignoramus sodas will help reduce the amount of sugar and harmful materials put into a humans body IV. Counterpoint A. Present first counterpoint a. The NYC Soda ban is a bad idea, and wouldnt be in the best favor of the people; they think the soda ban is only tying to limit the citizens freedom. B. Support first counterpoint a. Instead of thinking of the healthy benefits of the soda ban, people will only think of being controlled more and forced to do more things. V. Rebuttal A A. We will write a custom essay sample on Outlining your argument specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Outlining your argument specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Outlining your argument specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer State first rebuttal point a. Some may view this ban in different ways. Some people think about the health benefits. Some people think about the government restricting us more. Others just think that they can get around the ban by spending more money and buying two sodas. IX. Conclusion a. No matter what there is going to be different sides and views of the soda ban. Whether you believe it is for the betterment of our country or only trying to control the people more, the soda ban is real and is a part of this country.

Complementarity and Substitution in the Theory of Capital essays

Complementarity and Substitution in the Theory of Capital essays This essay is an explanation and importance of complementarity and substitution in the theory of capital. Complementarity can be usually seen in goods with sympathetic shifts in demand. It is also important to realize the narrowness of the traditional treatment of complementarity. Complementarity is analyzed in a single enterprise and also in the economic system as a whole. In the latter complementarity is analyzed in an economic system in equilibrium and also in disequilibrium. In an economic system with equilibrium all the acts of all individuals are consistent with each other and all factors of production are complementary. The system with disequilibrium on the contrary, realizes that while a factor of substitution eliminates another factor, another will be created, though possibly it might be of a different mode. It is idealistic to think that capital structure can only exist in equilibrium, but realistically, capital structure is in a state of continuous transformation. Any major change creates a situation of instability of the capitalistic economy. A clear example of this is the accumulation of capital on profits and the inducement to invest. As capital accumulation grows, investment opportunities and the rate of profit decline. Also, the existence of unused human or material resources provides potential complements for new productive combinations, which in result produce the changes in capital. These unused resources have two main functions in the world of dynamic change. First, they reduce the shock when disintegration exists, and second they stimulate the investment of capital goods complementary to them. In conclusion, the theory of capital is a dynamic discipline, and is not in static equilibrium. It is useless to view capital change as quantitative change in one factor and supposing that other factors remain constant. An important topic in the capital theory is the internal capital change, which is the ...

Environmental science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Environmental science - Research Paper Example The animals that inhabit this island are different from the ones that live elsewhere. This is because of the geographical isolation of the animals that have lived in these islands for centuries. This was what led to the development of the theories of the naturalist, Charles Darwin, who discovered that the differences in the species that lived on this island were entirely due to the isolation of these animals from other species elsewhere. The conservation of these unique species is the responsibility of the people who are associated with these islands. For instance, the conservationist, Bill Roberson, who is the president and founder of the organization, INCA (International Nature and Cultural Adventures), talks of the need for the people who are a part of the tourism industry in this area to inculcate in themselves a love for the area and the will to conserve them (inca1travel). This may be more than just a desire to conserve nature for the love of it. This may also be the result of calculated economic activity. The beauty of the Galapagos Islands results from the fact that it has intensely diverse flora and fauna. The reason as to why people visit these islands is entirely the presence of this diversity. The presence of penguins in an equatorial island itself indicates the diversity that boggles the mind of the tourist in this island. The fact that the conservation of this beauty is necessary for the continuance of the tourism industry remains an important point. The economic aspect of the conservation, however, does not lessen the importance of the role that is played by the tourism industry in the conservation of the beauty and environment of the Galapagos Islands. The reason as to why Darwin was able to create the theories that he did was the diversity in the number of finches that are present in the Galapagos Islands. There are seventeen kinds of finches on these islands and they contribute to the diversity of it. The differences in the finches were

Smart Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Smart Goals - Essay Example I will begin at the end of my final semester in school. Goal 2 Smart: I would like to acquire the require expertise in running my own business Measurable: I want to have the best effective skills in business management Attainable: I will seek attachment in a business oriented establishment in order to acquire required management skills. Realistic: I will work in the company for a full time basis, but within a period of three months in order to venture in my own business Timely: I will begin at the beginning of my final semester in school Goal 3 Smart: I want to acquire the required market research market skills to develop exceptional operational strategies Measurable: I want to implement the most effective market research strategies in my business venture Attainable: I will take part in market research project used in existing business ventures Realistic: I will occasionally take part in research projects regardless of my occupational ventures Timely: I will begin taking part in rese arch projects immediately

Issues Of Deforestation In Malaysia

Issues Of Deforestation In Malaysia Malaysia is witnessing a rapid growth in the vicinity of urban cities with the construction of large engineering structures (e.g. towers, factories, high-rise condominiums, wide-span bridges and highways) to meet the requirement for the nations economic growth, societal activities and the aspirations of its population. This urbanization is the increase over time in the population of cities in relation to the regions rural population. As we have stated, the growth of cities is frequently implicated in concerns about environmental deterioration. Almost half of the worlds population currently lives in urban areas, and for the foreseeable future, urbanization will increase (United Nations, 2001). What is more, urban growth and population growth generally in developing countries will outpace that in industrialized countries. These urban areas, whether small towns or megacities, each develop an environmental footprint. Although there are important regional differences in the level and trend of urbanization, city growth has proceeded steadily throughout the developing world (Chen et al,1998). As we recounted at the outset, many policy makers, government officials, and the like have a negative view of urbanization, who see urban growth as problematic. Environmental concerns would serve to reinforce these overall urban growth concerns. Yet, there is a positive association of urbanization and urban economic development with overall economic growth (NRC, 2003). However, the rapid rise of urbanization has giving more impacts into forest area. The forest can be define as a woods or the woods and less often as a wold (or weald), holt, or frith (or firth), is an area with a high density of trees. For the best define to the forest as an ecosystem or assemblage of ecosystems dominated by trees and other woody vegetation. But in Malaysia, it hard to define about forest. It is because there is a lack of good-quality data about the definition of a forest, the extent of forest cover, loss of forest, (un)sustainable yields, and so on in Malaysia. The official definition of a forest used in Malaysia differs from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) definition, which excludes areas under agricultural crops (e.g. oil palm). In Malaysia, however, the areas under oil palm, rubber and tree crops are frequently regarded as forest. The question of the definition of forests is particularly significant in the Malaysian context where the Malaysian forests are rapidly disappearing and, conversely, forest plantations areas are expanding (JOANGOHutan, September 2006). Malaysia currently has 32.8 million hectares of land area, of which 24.8 million hectares 75.5 per cent of total land are classified as forest and tree cover. Of these, 19.5 million hectares are forest cover and 5.3 million hectares are tree cover. Of the total forest cover, 9.2 million hectares (47.4 per cent) are found in Sarawak, 5.9 million hectares (30.1 per cent) are found in Peninsular Malaysia and 4.4 million hectares (22.5 per cent) in Sabah. Sabah claims it has the least forest(JOANGOHutan, September 2006). Although Malaysia is known as the equatorial rain forests of the world due to its location mapped and it`s forested, but the historical fact that the year of between 1990 and 2005 Malaysia lost 6.6% of its forest cover, or around 1, 486 000 hectares. As showed at table 1 for the information about the forest cover in Malaysia , 2010. Of course we know that forests bring many benefits to human life, flora and fauna. Right now, the degradation of forest frequently lately happened. It similarly, the same case in Kelantan. Kelantan is the one of the states in Peninsular Malaysia with the largest forest reserve. Unfortunately, the forest in there more to bare area because of deforestation and encroachment activities. Thus, a forest-related law has been established under the amended legislation 313 ( AKTA PERHUTANAN NEGARA 1984). Deforestation and increased road-building in the Kelantan are a significant concern because of increased human encroachment upon wild areas, increased resource extraction and further threats to biodiversity. Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to agriculture or urban use. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland. The continuing demand for urbanization in Malaysia in the next few decades of this century suggests the need for planning and implementation on forest area plans or programs which is going to be even more complex in the future than it has been in the past. Environmental impacts from deforestation such as slope erosion, mass movements, sediment yield and decreasing water quality may be expected in the continuous development of the urbanization (Khairlmaini Fauza,2010). So that, all the urbanization and deforestation, there have relate to environment implication factor. How much the urbanization of Kelantan is make it and it`s impacts to environmental implication factor? The example environment implication factor can be relate here such as heating temperature, landslide or slope erosion, and loss of natural habitats. Because of that, this paper addresses the issues and challenges affecting comprehensive and holistic outlook towards urbanization. Right now, researcher more concentrates the effect of urbanization in Kelantan and its decreasing of forest area or knowing as deforestation. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) are providing new tools for advancing ecosystem management. (Both of these tools has its own privileges. By viewing the lack of data analysis on the impact of the reduction of forest development, this thesis is done with the help of the two tools above to solve the problems.) In recent years, as a spatial database management system (DBMS), the Geographic Information System (GIS) has developed powerful tools for visualizing data (Peters and MacDonald, 2004; Fisher and Unwin, 2005; Liao et al., 2010). This development naturally leads to the emergence of new sub-disciplines or interdisciplines and one of them is Historical GIS, in which the GIS provides the investigation tool to study past phenomena, including demographic patterns, changes in land use and geopolitical scenarios (Gregory and Ell, 2007; Knowles, 2008). Since Historical GIS in Malaysia is still relatively lacking, this study was conducted to apply GIS to visualize the effect of urbanization on the forest area in Kelantan. Area estimation through remote sensing is often used for classification and production of crops statistics. This effort was demonstrated in the past by Gonzales-Alonso et al.(1991), Gallego and Delice (1993), Gonzales-Alonso and Cuevas (1993) and Ferencz et al.(2004). Integration of ground data and classification of remote sensing data is shows a greatest operational feasibility and economical interest that contribute for the benefits of the global society. Remote sensing data has the potential and the ability to provide spatial information at global scale; of features and phenomena on earth on an almost real-time basis. 1.2 BACKGROUD OF STUDY AREA Malaysia is situated in the Southeast Asia, between latitudes 1 o and 7o north, and longitudes 100o and 119o east. The regions in Malaysia are divided into six regions. There are four regions in Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia), and two regions in North Borneo (East Malaysia). The four regions in Peninsular Malaysia are the northern region (Perlis, Kedah, Perak, and Pulau Pinang), the central region (Selangor, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Negeri Sembilan, and Melaka), the Eastern region (Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang), and the southern region, which consists of just one state, Johor. The two regions in East Malaysia are the Sabah region, which consists of Sabah, and the Sarawak region, which consists of Sarawak. The surface area or total landmass is about 329,847 km2 (127,350 sq mi). The State of Kelantan lies in the north-east of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital and royal seat is Kota Bharu. It is bounded on the western side by the State of Perak and Thailand, it shares it southern and eastern boundaries with the States of Pahang and Terengganu and is bounded on the north-east by the South-China Sea(P.G. PAK-POY ASSOCIATES (M) SDN BHD etc ,1981). The State contains a fertile alluvial plain, ideal for crops such as rice, tobacco, fruits and vegetables. Besides coinciding with a national administrative boundary, the physical boundary of Kelantan can be described in topographical terms as a geographical entity. It is separated, even isolated, from the neighbouring States of Perak, Pahang and Terengganu by mountains rising to over 7,000 ft. (2,160 m) on its western and southern borders, and to over 4,000 ft. (1,230 m) on portions of its eastern border. It has a narrow coastal plain where unrestrained movements of population and goods occur both into and out of the State(P.G. PAK-POY ASSOCIATES (M) SDN BHD etc ,1981). Kelantan covers an area of 14,922 sq. km which is 4.4 percent of the total area of Malaysia, and is administratively divided into ten districts: Kota Bharu, Pasir Mas, Tumpat, Pasir Puteh, Bachok, Kuala Krai, Machang, Tanah Merah, Jeli and Gua Musang.

Research methodology Essay

Methodology and methods are two terms which have been used interchangeably often by scholars. The practice is unfortunate because they are not the same. The former refers to philosophy and the latter refers to technical procedures applied to conduct research. The word methodology comprises two nouns: method and ology, which means a branch of knowledge; hence, methodology is a branch of knowledge that deals with the general principles or axioms of the generation of new knowledge. It refers to the rationale and the philosophical assumptions that underlie any natural, social or human science study, whether articulated or not. Simply put, methodology refers to how each of logic, reality, values and what counts as knowledge inform research. On the other hand, methods are the techniques and procedures followed to conduct research, and are determined by the methodology (i.e. sampling, data collection, data analysis and results reporting, as well as theories, conceptual frameworks, taxonomies and models). Even the focus and intent of the research, and the actual research questions themselves, are shaped by the methodology (McGregor, 2010). In methodology we study the various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along with the logic behind them. It is necessary for the researcher to know not only the research methods/techniques but also methodology. (Kothari, 2004). The following are the systematic analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates employed in research which define methodology: 1. Formulating the Research Problem The definition of research question is the most important step when undertaking any research as they give direction to the research method applied (Yin, 2003). Sebastian et al, (2011) explains that it requires an open mind while framing the research question. At the same time the researcher is required to familiarize with potential research methods and build awareness of their requirements. A researcher must examine all available literature to get himself acquainted with the selected problem. 2. Literature Review A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time period. Comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field is essential to most research papers. Literature reviews provide you with a handy guide to a particular topic and can give you an overview or act as a stepping stone. They also provide a solid background for a research paper’s investigation. Depending on the situation, the literature review may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant (The Writing Center, 2010-2013). For purposes of literature review abstracting and indexing journals,conference proceedings, government reports, books etc must be tapped depending on the nature of the problem. 3. Developing a Working Hypothesis Hypothesis is a statement of the predicted relationship between two or more variables. As a reseracher you do not know about a phenomenon but you do have a hunch(theory) to form the basis of certain assumption or guesses. You test these by collecting information that will enable you to conclude if your hunch was right. The verification process have one of the three ouytcomes, right, partially right and wrong. Without this process of verification, you cannot conclude anything about the validity of your assumptions. Hence hypotheses is a hunch, assumption, suspicion, assertion or an idea about a phenomenon, relationship or situation, the reality or truth of which you do not know. These hypotheses form the basis for enquiry (Slideshare, 2013). 4. Preparing Rearch Design Research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a particular manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure (Slideshare, 2013). In order to develop a complete research design it is valuable to understand the nature of the point from philosophical point of view. Failure to think through philosophical issues can seriouly affect the quality of management resesearch (Eaterby-Smith et al, 2008). The steps involved in research design according to (Umesh) are: a) The means of obtaining the information b) The availability and skills of the researcher and his staff (if any) c) Explanation of the way in which selected means of obtaining information will be organized and the reasoning leading to the selection. d) The time available for research e) The cost factor relating to research i.e. the finance available for the purpose 5. Determining Sample Design Sample design is a definite plan determined before any data are actually collected for obtaining a sample from a given population. The sample design to be used must be decided by the researcher taking into consideration the nature of the inquiry and other related factors. According to Statistics and Probability Dictionary, (2013) a sample design is made up of two elements: 1. Sampling method. Sampling method refers to the rules and procedures by which some elements of the population are included in the sample. Some of the common sample methods used are simple random sampling, stratified sampling and cluster sampling. 2. Estimator. The estimation process for calculating sample statistics is called the estimator. Different sampling methods may use different estimators. For example, the formula for computing a mean score with a simple random sample is different from the formula for computing a mean score with a stratified sample. The â€Å"best† sample design depends on survey objectives and on survey resources. 6. Data Collection According to Basic Tools for Process Improvement, Data Collection, (1998-2013) data collection is obtaining useful information on key quality characteristics produced by your process. Data Collection enables a team to formulate and test working assumptions about a process and develop information that will lead to the improvement of the key quality characteristics of the product or service. In summary, data collection helps to establish a factual basis to making a decision. For one to collect data uniformly, you will need to develop a data collection plan. The data collection plan developed should answer the following question: 1. Why do we want the data? What will we do with the data after we have collected them? You must decide on a purpose for collecting the data 2. Where will we collect data? The location where data are collected must be identified clearly. 3. What type of data will we collect? In general, data can be classified into two major types: attribute data and variables data 4. Who will collect the data? Those closest to the data, the process workers, should collect the data 5. How do we collect the right data? Collect data that best describe the situation at hand. 7. Data analysis Eisenhardt, (1989) explains that analysis is an interactive process started with the development and presentation of an initial set of theoretical propositions based on evidence from the first phase of data collection, during field work and the theoretical assumptions associated with the theoretical framework. According to Kothari, (2004) the term analysis refers to the computation of certain measures along with searching for patterns of relationships that exist among data-groups. Thus ‘in the process of analysis, relationships or differences supporting or conflicting with original or new hypotheses should be subjected to statistical tests of significance to determine with what validity data can be said to indicate any conclusions. The process operations in data analysis are: a. Editing: it is a process of examining the collected raw data to detect errors and ommsisions and to correct these where possible. b. Coding: it refers to the process of assigning numerals or other symbols to answers so that responses cab be put into a limited number of categories or classes. c. Classification: it is the process of arranging data in groups or classes on the basis of common characteristics. d. Tabulation: it is to arrange data in some kind of concise and logical order. 8. Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis testing refers to the formal procedures used by statisticians to accept or reject statistical hypotheses (What is Hypothesis Testing, 2013). Statisticians follow a formal process to determine whether to reject a null hypothesis, based on sample data (Statistics and Probability Dictionary, 2013). This process is called hypothesis testing. An hypothesis test consists of four steps. a) Formulate the hypotheses. This involves stating the null and alternative hypotheses. The hypotheses are stated in such a way that they are mutually exclusive. That is, if one is true, the other must be false; and vice versa. b) Identify the test statistic. This involves specifying the statistics (e.g., a mean score, proportion) that will be used to assess the validity of the null hypothesis. c) Formulate a decision rule. A decision rule is a procedure that the researcher uses to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis. d) Test the null hypothesis. Use the decision rule to evaluate the test statistic. If the statistic is consistent with the null hypothesis, you cannot reject the null hypothesis; otherwise, reject the null hypothesis. 9. Interpretation Interpretation refers to the task of drawing inferences from the collected facts after an analytical and/or experimental study (Kothari, 2004). The task of interpretation has two major aspects viz., (i) the effort to establish continuity in research through linking the results of a given study with those of another, and (ii) the establishment of some explanatory concepts. Interpretation is considered a basic component of research process because of the following: a) It is through interpretation that the researcher can well understand the abstract principle that works beneath his findings. Through this he can link up his findings with those of other studies, having the same abstract principle, and thereby can predict about the concrete world of events. Fresh enquiries can test these predictions later on. This way the continuity in research can be maintained. b) Interpretation leads to the establishment of explanatory concepts that can serve as a guide for future research studies c) Researcher can better appreciate only through interpretation why his findings are what they are and can make others to understand the real significance of his research findings. d) The interpretation of the findings of exploratory research study often results into hypotheses for experimental research and as suich interpretation is involved in the transition from exploratory to experimental research. 10. Report Writing Features of Good report, (2013) defines a report as a piece of informative writing that describes a set of actions and analyses any results in response to a specific brief. A quick definition might be: â€Å"This is what I did and this is what it means.† Kothari, (2004) outlines the following as different steps in writing a report: a. Logical analysis of the subject matter: thre are two ways in which to develop a subject (i) logically and (ii) chronologically. The logical development is made on the basis of mental connections and associations between the one thing and another by means of analysis. It contains materials from the simple possible to the most complex structures. Chronological development is based on a connection or sequence in time or occurrence, the directions for doing or making follow the chronological order. b. Preparation of the final outcome: outlines are the framework upon which long written works are constructed. They are and aid to the logical organisation of the material and a reminder of the points to be stressed in the report c. Preparation of the rough draft: the researcher writes down what he has done in the context of his study. He will write down the procedure adopted by him in collecting the material for his study along with limitations faced, the technique of analysis adopted, the broad findings and generalizations and the various suggestions he wants to offer regarding the problem concerned. d. Rewriting and polishing the rough draft: while rewriting and polishing, one should check the report for weaknesses in logical development or presentation. He should also see whether the material presented as it is presented , has unity and cohesion. In addition the researcher should give due attention to the fact that in his rough draft if he has been consistent or not. He should check the mechanics of writing-grammar, spelling and usage. e. Preparation of the final bibliography: the bibliography , should contain all the works which the researcher has consulted. f. Writing the final draft: while writing the final draft, the researcher must avoid abstract terminology and technical jargon. Illiustrations and examples based on common experiences must be incorporated in the final draft as they happen to be most in communicating the research findings to others. The format suggested below is the same as that used in most published papers as laid down in Guide to Writing Research Reports, (2013). 1) Title: The title should provide a single line description of the study. In many cases, the title will mention the independent and dependent variables. Your title should be a brief, but accurate reflection of the content of the report 2) Abstract: The abstract is a short summary of the report. It should contain a brief description of the rationale and of the method, results and discussion sections. It should be a comprehensive but concise summary of the whole report which will enable readers to decide if they wish to read any further. A useful rule of thumb is to try to write four concise sentences describing: (1) Why you did it, (2) What you did, (3) What results you found and (4) What you concluded. Write the abstract after you have written the rest of the report. 3) Introduction (Why you did it): The Introduction should present the reasoning behind the particular study which you are describing. This means that the reader, having read the introduction, should feel able to anticipate what your study will involve and should allow someone who is not an expert to understand why you did this study. For this reason the introduction will begin at a general background level and progress through to the specific reasons for and aims of the study. This will normally include a review of past work in the area and an explanation of the theoretical or practical reasons for doing the study. 4) Method (How you did it): In the method section, you describe the essentials of how you gathered your data. This section must contain enough information for the reader to be able to repeat the study, but should exclude any irrelevant details. It explains about the (i) research participants, (ii) apparatus used, (iii) materials used, (iv) design and (v) procedure. 5) Results (What you found out): Begin this section with a description of how you treated your data. This means that you should describe what you got from all of the responses that were made by each participant to the scores that were analyzed. Follow the description of the treatment of the data with a clear, concise summary of the data using descriptive statistics. 6) Discussion (What you think it means): This is the section in which you interpret the results of the study and discuss their meaning. It is important that your discussion relates to the issues raised in the introduction, since this presented the reasons for conducting the study and the results should provide more details about these issues. You should link the arguments made in this section with the issues and research hypotheses raised in your introduction section. In particular: (i) How do your results compare with your research questions and/or predictions? (ii) How do your results compare with relevant published results? (iii) What are the implications for future research? 7) References: Should contain all the works which the researcher has consulted. 8) Appendices: You should include here all material that would have been obtrusive or damaging to the ‘flow’ of the report itself, and not just use it as a bin to contain things you wished to say but could not fit into the main report. Therefore, the contents of the Appendices usually consist of raw data, statistical formulae and computations, lengthy protocols, examples of stimuli and details of stimulus preparation, etc Bibliography 1. Basic Tools for Process Improvement, Data Collection. (1998-2013). Retrieved September 15th, 2013, from Balance Scorecard institute, Strategy Management Group: http://www.balancedscorecard.org/portals/0/pdf/datacoll.pdf 2. Eaterby-Smith. (2008). Management Research: An Introduction. SAGE publishers Ltd. 3. Eisenhardt, K. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study Research. Academy of Management Review , 14 (4) 532-550. 4. Features of Good report. (2013). Retrieved September 15th, 2013, from University of Reading, Malaysia: http://www.reading.ac.uk/internal/studyadvice/StudyResources/Essays/sta-featuresreports.aspx 5. Guide to Writing Research Reports. (2013). Retrieved September 15th, 2013, from University of Essex, UK: http://www.essex.ac.uk/psychology/department/A-Z_files/GUIDE%20TO%20WRITING%20RESEARCH%20REPORTS.pdf 6. Kothari. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and Techniques Second Edition. Jaipur,India: New Age International Publishers Limited. 7. McGregor, J. A. (2010). Paradigm, Methodology and Method: Intellectual Integrity in Consumer Ccholarship. International Journal of Consumer Studies 34 . 8. Sebastian Reiter, G. S. (2011). Strategy for Delayed Research Method Selection: Deciding Between Grounded Theory and phenomenology. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods Volume 9 . 9. Slideshare. (2013). Retrieved September 14th, 2013, from Slideshare.Inc: http://www.slideshare.net/rao_sahab/hypothesis-12915876?from_search=1 10. Slideshare. (2013). Retrieved September 14th, 2013, from Slideshare.Inc: http://www.slideshare.net/sagar_sambare/research-design-13174653?from_search=4 11. Statistics and Probability Dictionary. (2013). Retrieved September

!0 Tips for Excelling at a Job Interview Essay

1. Be prepared. Try to find out enough information about the employer, the company and the position you are applying for. Going into an interview not knowing anything will be an unpleasant surprise for you2. Be on time for the interview. This shows the employer that you are serious, dedicated and you’re punctuality is on point. This will make the employer have more interest in you 3. Make sure that you’re resume is believable an up to date. Include previous experiences in any type of work field. Extreme lies on you’re resume will be obvious and will ruin you’re chances of even getting the job. 4. Show confidence and try not to show signs of nervousness. Proving that you can compose yourself I a well manner under pressure is a great characteristic which will give the employer positive thoughts about you. 5. Don’t act like a know-it-all because no one knows it all. If you act like you know everything, this will make the employer feel like you can cause many conflicts in the workplace. If you don’t know how to answer a question, don’t make things up to sound good; most likely you will sound dumb. Just ask for a clearer explanation on the question and try your best to answer it. 6. When the employer is trying to speak, don’t cut them off. Try using your listening skills more than speaking to make yourself seen attentive and focused. This may be your interview but whatever the interviewer has to say to you is way more important than you blabbering away. 7. Have respect and show manners. Don’t chew gum or any type of food like substance during the interview. That can be very distracting and rude to the interviewer. 8. Refrain from trying to suck up to your interviewer. You don’t know them that well yet, nor do they know you well. Being too extravagant in an interview is never flattering and rather more annoying, pushy and desperate. They will most definitely not think you are the best fit for the job. 9. Keep eye contact with your interviewer to show the connection and interest in what you want to accomplish in the interview. This will also show that you actually care and make the interviewer believe that you are an alert and observant employee. 10. Please be sure to be yourself! Acting like somebody you’re not will get you little to nowhere if you get the job. When you are working, you won’t want to constantly act like something you’re not. To prevent that from happening, from the jump-start, show your true colors and personality. You’ll be surprised, many people will like you more if you be true to yourself.

Biography of Sally Jewell, Ex-Secretary of the Interior

Sally Jewell (born Feb. 21, 1956) served as the 51st U.S. secretary of the interior from 2013 until 2017. Appointed by President Barak Obama, Jewell was the second woman to hold the position after Gale Norton, who served under President George W. Bush. As secretary of the Department of the Interior, Jewell knew the territory she oversaw—the great outdoors. An avid skier, kayaker, and hiker, Jewell was the only cabinet agency head to have climbed Mount Rainier seven times and to have scaled Mount Vinson, the highest mountain in Antarctica. Fast Facts: Sally Jewell Known For: She served as the 51st U.S. secretary of the interior from 2013 until 2017. Jewell won acclaim for her Every Kid initiative, which made every fourth-grade student in the nation and their families eligible for a free one-year pass to every U.S. national park.Also Known As: Sarah Margaret RoffeyBorn: Feb. 21, 1956 in London, EnglandParents: Anne (nà ©e Murphy) and Peter RoffeyEducation: University of Washington (B.S. in Mechanical Engineering)Awards and Honors: National Audubon Societys Rachel Carson Award, Woodrow Wilson Centers Award for Public Service, named to Sound Greenway Trusts Hall of Fame, named a 2012 Woman of Distinction from the Girl Scouts of Western Washington, University of Washington 2016 Alumni Lifetime Achievement AwardSpouse: Warren JewellNotable Quote: When you take on something like your footprint on the environment, you have to say, Where am I going to draw the circle around my level of responsibility and then where do I assume that others will take r esponsibility? Personal Life and Education Born Sally Roffey in England on Feb. 21, 1956, Jewell and her parents moved to the United States in 1960. She graduated in 1973 from Renton (Wash.) High School, and in 1978 she was awarded a degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Washington. Jewel is married to engineer Warren Jewell. When not in D.C. or scaling mountains, the Jewells live in Seattle and have two grown children. Business Experience After graduating from college, Jewell used her training as a petroleum engineer working for Mobile Oil Corp. in the Oklahoma and Colorado oil and gas fields. After working at Mobile, Jewell was employed in corporate banking. For over 20 years, she worked at Rainier Bank, Security Pacific Bank, West One Bank, and Washington Mutual. From 2000 until she took over as secretary of the interior, Jewell served as president and chief executive officer of REI (Recreation Equipment, Inc.), a retailer of  outdoor recreation equipment and services. During her tenure, Jewell helped REI grow from a regional sporting goods store to a nationwide retailing enterprise with annual sales of more than $2 billion. The firm is consistently listed among the 100 best companies to work for, according to Fortune Magazine. Environmental Experience Besides being an avid outdoorswoman, Jewell served on the board of the National Parks Conservation Association and helped to found Washington State’s Mountains to Sound Greenway Trust. In 2009, Jewell won the National Audubon Societys prestigious Rachel Carson Award for leadership in and dedication to conservation. Nomination and Senate Confirmation Jewell’s nomination and Senate confirmation process was swift and without notable opposition or controversy. On Feb. 6, 2013, ​Jewell was nominated by President Obama to succeed Ken Salazar as secretary of the interior. On March 21, 2013, the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources approved her nomination by a 22-3 vote. On April 10, 2013, the Senate confirmed her nomination, 87-11. Tenure as Secretary of the Interior Jewell’s knowledge and appreciation of the outdoors served her well as she managed the activities of a 70,000-employee agency responsible for more than 260 million acres of public land—nearly one-eighth of all land in the United States—as well as all of the nation’s mineral resources, national parks, federal wildlife refuges, Western water resources, and the rights and interests of Native Americans. During her term, Jewell won acclaim for her Every Kid initiative, which made every fourth-grade student in the nation and their families eligible for a free one-year pass to every U.S. national park. In 2016, her final year in office, Jewell spearheaded a program expediting the issuance of permits allowing youth organizations to explore public wildlands on overnight or multi-day trips, particularly in less popular parks. During her time as interior secretary, Jewell opposed local and regional bans on â€Å"fracking,† a controversial process where oil drillers inject  millions of gallons of water,  sand, salts, and chemicals into shale deposits or other subsurface rock formations at extremely high pressure to fracture rock and extract raw fuel. Jewell said local and region bans were taking regulation of oil and gas recovery in the wrong direction. I think it’s going to be very difficult for industry to figure out what the rules are if different counties have different rules, she said in early 2015. Post-Government Service After her stint as interior secretary, Jewel joined the board of Bellevue-based life insurance company Symetra. The firm (as of February 2018) is owned by Tokyo-based Sumitomo Life Insurance Co., though it continues to operate independently. She also returned to the University of Washington, where one of her tasks is helping shape the future of  EarthLab, a new university-wide institute that seeks to connect scholars with community partners to solve environmental problems. â€Å"By coming to the university, I’m trying to help students understand how you can create a future that’s both economically successful and environmentally sustainable—one that you are proud to leave to future generations,† Jewell said upon accepting the position. In her role with EarthLab, Jewel is serving as chair of its advisory council, which seeks to raise awareness about the initiative in the community. Sources â€Å"Former Interior Secretary Sally Jewell Brings Leadership to UW Community, New EarthLab Initiative.†Ã‚  UW News.Long, Katherine. â€Å"Former Interior Secretary Sally Jewell Will Guide UWs New Climate Initiative.†Ã‚  The Seattle Times, The Seattle Times Company, 20 Nov. 2018â€Å"Sally Jewell Biography.†Ã‚  The Nature Conservancy.