Leadership And Change Management

Administration And Change Management Administration is an arrangement of multidirectional, equal impact forms among numerous people at various levels, in various subunits and inside official groups (Yukl 1994, p. 459). It is the best approach to acheive the gaol and rouse the individuals to do best. Initiative is the wellspring of motivation and it shows the activity and method of acts to do. Initiative is considered as a result of complex social connections (Dachler 1988). Momentum hypothetical methodologies on administration research is worry about a more prominent degree job of initiative examination which portray and give some understanding and suggests for viable pioneer conduct and regulating models. They center more around clarifications of administration forms, portraying pioneer practices, and present why practices happen in specific circumstances. In the event that there are conduct suggestions are accessible it implies this is generally accomplished all the more cautiously and once in a while with no way of t hinking that the sky is the limit. Current administration speculations are tolerating the cutoff points which have pioneer impact. The best chiefs are those generally keen on encircle themselves with collaborators and partners more intelligent than they are. They are straight to the point in conceding this and are eager to pay for such talents.(Amos Parrish). Pioneer is an individual who rules or directs or motivates others(Andrew, 2007). A pioneer is an individual having character which others need to tail him. They may not generally settle on right choices yet they are certain about hte decion making and they know when they should change their bearings and why. Considerably after a couple of mix-ups a pioneer won't lose their adherents certainty . Pioneers are perceived, not picked or chose. To put it plainly, pioneers have something unprecedented as a part of their character to move their adherents. They have the characteristics that the others dont have. It is an intengible trademark that can't be clarified. In any case, hte truth is that when we see it, we will remember it. Contemporary hypothetical ideas have presumptions that administration must be comprehended. Following Hunts arrangement authority approaches on a continuum from objectivistic to subjectivistic (Hunt 1991), they are bound to introduce it as subjectivistic reason. In the event that customary examples of clarification remembered for the substance of more current methodologies, contemporary hypotheses, these are by and large must be comprehended as a preferred position of old style hypothesis. There are some specific individuals that others tail them, they like there style, work and unprecedented exercises. On the off chance that we take a gander at hierarchical occasions, there is somebody who have the initiative characteristics, these are individuals who are eager to request and mention to the others what they need to do and what to do, and have the regard of others or addition that regard. Numerous pictures made by motivations from initiative. They have their own personality and popularity on the planet. Extraordinary people like, Hitler, Jinnah, Gandhi or Napoleon. The story around these individuals show that they went from such huge numbers of emergency where demonstrations of one individual who is the main peosonality, are significant and individuals respect to follow choice of their pioneer. Pioneers can choose, what can do and what they need to do and they convey thier message to others to impart and pass thier message to other people. When these are missing or can't convey their thoughts then there might be issue. Nature of administration is achievement of gatherings and associations. There are such huge numbers of definitions for the authority quality. There are such a large number of initiative characteristics and four principle things are to lead impact on others. Second, where there are pioneers and there are supporters also. Third, pioneers must show up or i nclude when there is emergency or unique issue. The pioneers have quality that they appear to come noticeable when a creative activity from opposite side is required. Fourthly, pioneers are the individuals who realize that what they need to do and what they ought to do in future and why they should impliment their stretegy. In this way, pioneers are the individuals who have clear vision about the reasoning and choice that what they ought to do in unsure circumstances and who have the affecting personility in the activities, contemplations and constructive perspectives and considering others. For this situation, pioneers characteristics are close to home. It relies upon people characteristics and activities. Pioneer can be chief or master. May be not all supervisors can be pioneers and not all pioneers can be chiefs. In writing of initiative there have been four ages of speculations: Attribute speculations. Conduct speculations. Possibility hypotheses. Transformational hypotheses. Pioneers are individual who can clarify themselves(Warren Bennis,2004). In the event that we get the information about the lives of individuals who have denoted that they are the extraordinary characters or incredible viable pioneers, it make it clears that they have totally different characteristics. On the off chance that we consider political characters like Nelson Mandela, Ghandi, Margeret Thatcher and Mao Zedong then we will affirm that these are the characters who have extraordinary effect on the supporters. The general characteristics or qualities ought to be in pioneers. Stogdill (1948) and Mann (1959) detailed in a study that numerous examinations have come about that the character and qualities separate pioneers from thier followers(Stogdill,1948). John Gardner(1989) examined an enormous number of North American associations and pioneers and presume that there are a few characteristics or practices that show up in a pioneer. These include:  · Physical, intellectually and mind making endurance  · Most Intelligence and activity taking judgment  · Crucuial to acknowledge obligation and demands  · Task tolerating  · Understanding of individuals and address and fullfil their issues  · Skill in correspondence with individuals and adherents.  · Courage to acheive their objective  · Courage to inspire individuals  · Resolution  · Trustable character and mentality  · Courage to decieve  · Self certainty . Couraging character  · Challenges tolerating character We for the most part have heard that pioneers records concerns their obvious maleness (Rosener, 1997). Infrequently, we heard that ladies is pioneer. The characteristics which are connected with initiative are for the most part male. May be the authority attributes are gendered and generally these qualities are in male. The conduct of pioneer additionally tallies. They moved from pioneer to administration. On the off chance that pioneers are loved and regarded, at that point they can have more help and reinforcement from their adherents. The effective initiative depends on quantifiable and learnable practices i.e, pioneers are made, not conceived. These broad and efficient investigations expected to distinguish practices related with viable gathering administration. Blake and Mouton (1964) built up the Managerial Grid which sorted pioneers dependent on their predominant practices. These scientists were gaining ground in indentifying what conduct recognized from adherents. These practices could be educated. That is the reason these scientists infer that pioneers are made, not conceived. Albeit social ways to deal with authority offered a more extensive degree than quality hypothesis. Specialists can't distinguish a particular arrangement of authority practices. Possibility Theory works on the reason that the pioneers capacity depends on various circumstances and the structure of the job needing to be done of the pioneers (Fred Feidler,2001). Fred Feidler contended that pioneer adequacy relies upon two related elements one is that the initiative style and the instruction or circumstance which power the individual to turn into a pioneer. He likewise built up a scale (LPC) to quantify how much a people initiative style tended towards the devotees. There are four pioneer practices: orders, strong, participative and accomplishment arranged and furthermore endeavors to represent a lot more accomplishment factors than past investigations (R.J.House and T.R.Mitchells Path objective Theory (1974)). Way objective hypothesis clarify how and why certain pioneer practices bring about wanted results. This hypothesis recommend that pioneers are essentially answerable for helping their devotees create practices that prompts accomplish their objective or wanted result. Victor.H.Vroom and Philip. W. Yetton (1973) recommend the utilization of co-usable dynamic in a hierarchical setting. They make a decion tree to respond to the inquiries regarding the idea of the followres and issue to be settled. A pioneer can figure out what kind of administration style ought to be utilized by following the valuable thoughts of the choice tree. Value-based authority is essentially in contingncy and is contingnt upon execution . The pioneer, who have force and command over their representatives or devotees, gives new thoughts or recommendations to adherents to do what the pioneer needs. The examination relies upon its restrictions. Value-based methodology is continued with the flexibly and request circumstance. In any case, value-based administration is less successful than others and it needs more methodologies. Value-based authority takes a shot at the suspicion that individuals follow the individual who moves them. The last is a procedure wherein all pioneers and devotees can help and acclimate everybody with the new thoughts and their musings (Jamess. Consumes ,1978). He presented the ideas of both value-based and transformational administration. This methodology makes essentialness change in the life of individuals and associations. (Bernard.M. Bass, 1985) stands out transformational initiative from value-based authority. While value-based authority just includes a trade that prompts wanted results, transformational administration persuades the individuals to accomplish more than desires( Bass, 1985). Ongoing hypotheses on authority are the procedure wherein pioneers are not considered as people accountable for the supporters, however are consider as individuals from a network of training. This people group can be characterized that the individuals join their thoughts and offer history and acquaint the p

Project Management- Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Venture Management- - Essay Example From the turn of the thousand years to 2002, the industry became over 200% and produced incomes about $289 million of every 2002 alone. In 2004, the income produced by this industry totaled up to around $947 million. Besides, positive thinking kept on running high as an examination bunch predicated that the development of ICT-based administrations would develop to $200 billion before the decade's over, with call focuses getting a charge out of a decent amount of $42 billion of the income (White, 2014). Reports guarantee that the United States alone cases over 1.5 million seats and another 1 million holding on to be re-appropriated and the United Kingdom just has around 500,000 seats just standing by to be redistributed. Keeping in accordance with this, this paper will talk about the way toward making another control and call focus that will house the police, emergency vehicle and fire salvage crisis administrations, which will get and manage every one of the 999 crisis and non-crisis calls that will be utilized by both England and Wales residents. In detail, it will (1) recognize key informative perspectives/issues/contentions identifying with this venture; (2) survey the advantages/qualities and issues/shortcomings/weaknesses/entanglements, pertinent, as far as actualizing the pilot; (3) evaluate the degree to which formal program and undertaking the executives would give cost or potentially effectiveness reserve funds; and (4) give a lot of good practice/direction suggestions that can be confirm as well as upheld from the finding of your audit. A call place alludes to a midway based client care activity where its specialists manage calls for the benefit of a client/guest (D’Cruz and Noronha, 2006). Clients differ from crisis guests, non-crisis guests, mail-request list houses, PC item help work areas, telemarketing organizations, banks, protection gatherings and money related administrations, transportation and cargo taking care of firms, IT organizations and lodgings, among others. The

Why Is My Addicted Loved One Always Telling Lies

Why Is My Addicted Loved One Always Telling Lies Addiction Addictive Behaviors Print Why Addicts Lie Even to Loved Ones By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Updated on June 29, 2019 Howard Kingsnorth / Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Caffeine Internet Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Addicts lie to cover up their addictive behavior for a variety of reasons, so dont take it personally. Here are some of the reasons why addicts compulsively lie and how you can try to deal with this behavior effectively. Addicts Lie to Avoid Confrontation Addicts often want to avoid confrontation because theyve used their addictive behavior as a coping strategy for so long, they often dont have other well-developed ways of dealing with the stresses of life. When tackling a difficult topic, try to stay matter-of-fact about it. Use language to reflect your own perspective, rather than blaming the addict. People With Addictions Don’t Like Forced Change Addicts tend to have a stubborn streak.  They know their behavior isn’t in anyone’s best interests, especially their own, but have decided it works for them, and they are sticking to it. Eventually, addicts can and do change when they realize the consequences of their behavior will continue to worsen unless they do something different. Addicts often lie about the extent of their addictive behavior, because they want to avoid you pressuring them to change. Try to provide information that might influence the addict in your life to make up their own mind to change, instead of trying to persuade them to change. Addicts Want to Escape Negativity Addicts often see their behavior as a kind of holding pattern, hoping things will work themselves out and the addiction will disappear. They dont want you to remind them about the negative aspects of their behavior, especially if it is in a blaming way. When an addict feels constantly criticized by loved ones they lie to cover up their behavior. Try to focus on what will be better if things change, not what will be worse if they don’t. Loved Ones Enable Lying You know your loved one just lied because you know what really happened. But for some reason, you allow them to lie without letting them know that you know. This sends one of two messages: You told a lie and I didn’t notice â€" so if you lie again, I might not notice next time either.You told a lie and I did notice, but I’m pretending to believe you â€" so if you lie again, I’ll pretend I believe you that time as well. In this case, either avoid discussing the subject completely  or simply state what you know happened, rather than going along with the lie. Life Without Addiction Can Seem Like a Void An addicts life revolves around their addictive behavior. Although they plan to quit “one day,” for today, life without their addiction seems frighteningly empty. If you don’t understand how this emptiness drives people back into their addictive behavior, they will tune in to that, and lie to shut you up. Mention in a kind and positive way what you would like to see happening instead of the addictive behavior, preferably before the addictive behavior becomes part of your routine. Addicts Feel Ashamed Addictions often make the people around them behave in ways that cause them embarrassment and regret. When you point this out, they lie to avoid feeling ashamed. Going along with an addicts lie is a form of enabling that may avoid outward embarrassment but will do nothing to relieve your loved one’s inner emotional pain.

Ideas for Engineering Science Fair Projects

Engineering science fair projects can involve designing, building, analyzing, modeling, or improving a device. You can also test or create materials. Here are some specific ideas for engineering science fair projects. What is the best material to put in a sandbag to block water, such as during a flood?How tall can you build a tower using only a sheet of ​paper? You can cut it, fold it, crumple it, but only use that single material. What works best?Compare the characteristics of a structure that is made using different materials. You can compare strength, corrosion resistance, and elasticity. Be creative. The trick is to make certain your measurements are truly comparable to each other.What can you do with a swim cap to optimize its ability to decrease drag in water? Can you alter the shape? Does one material work substantially better than another?Which type of paper towel absorbs the most water? Which brand absorbs the most oil? Are they the same brand?What differences do you note in the ability of different soils to support a structure?What type of paper airplane flies the furthest and stays aloft the longest?How can you map a magnetic field? Can you construct a device, using iron filings, that can be reused for field mapping?Construct a Lego building. Now try to make the same building on an incline, such as a 30-degree slope. What changes do you need to make in order to make it stable?How does a change in the construction of a parachute affect flight? Parameters you could examine include size, shape, material, and/or method of attachment.

The Role Of Government And Foreign Trade Policies Essay

The role that Government should play in trade policy has been long debated over the years and is constantly changing to keep up with the needs and wants of a country. International trade policies are vital to any countries prosperity, and more specifically the economic development. Trade Policy is a set of rules and guidelines that determine how a country acts towards another in regards to trade and global business whether it be through free-trade or protectionism. The Governments role in trade policies include regulation, allocation, distribution and stabilization although not only limited to just trade (Harding, 2016). Regarding the role of government specific to trade policy, government should be involved to a certain extent with the major decisions not just being made by one body or group. Through the idea of free trade with specific sectors in the industry adopting protectionism traits to safeguard their local goods and services will ultimately bring a country more economic grow th and stability. Overseas trade is very important to a countries economic well being. (Wilson, 2015). Trade policies are ultimately in place to allow countries to expand their local market through free trade or protect their local goods though protectionism. Protectionism is widely used throughout the world such as countries apart of the European Union (Barone Bendini, 2015). Protectionism helps limit imports and support exports, protecting local goods such as agriculture in New Zealand dueShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Foreign Policy On International Trade Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst involvement of government in international trade, many people have posed their opinion about what the role of government should be in it. Different factors are involved when it comes to deciding what this should be. It impacts a lot of people, so in order to do that, trade policy must be properly defined, identify what the roles of government currently are, and their involvement in it, and then analyse what sh ould be their role. Trade policy is how a country carries out trade with other countriesRead MoreThe Impact Of International Trade Policy On New Zealand And Other Countries Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pages International trade policy is an important part of how the word does business and there is the underlying question about how it should be done and what part the government should play not just in New Zealand but around the world. New Zealand is a country that has great trade policies, these trade policies help create a great reputation for being free flowing and business friendly. Trade policy is defined as the laws around the exchange or goods between countries. In this essay, I will begin by discussingRead MoreAustralia: The Foreign Policy of the Hawke-Keating Government1501 Words   |  7 Pages The paradigm shift of Australian foreign policy from reliance on security through ‘‘great and powerful friends’’ towards the formation and strengthening of diplomatic and cultural relations with the Asia-Pacific region began arguably under the Whitlam government and has since become the predominant focus of foreign policy for both major parties. As a result, there exists a latent similarity in the foreign policy of successive Australian governments across the last 40 years that becomes more pronouncedRead MoreForeign Policy Is Shaped Based On The Best Interests Of The Country1600 Words   |  7 PagesForeign policy is shaped based on the best interests of the country. When establishing foreign policies, the focus will be on advancing the goals of the nation. Foreign policy guides how America conducts business as well as develops political, and social relations with other countries. National interests covers a wide array of topics from trade, to economics, to terrorism. When America was first established, the only goals was to prevent European dominance. Once Europe was prevented from colonizingRead MoreForeign Direct Investment Of India1718 Words   |  7 PagesForeign Direct Investment in India Foreign Direct Investment Foreign Direct Investment is the investment of a country domestic assets into foreign structures, equipment and organizations, but does not include investment into stock markets. Foreign direct investment reflects the objective of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident entity in one economy (direct investor) in an entity resident in an economy other than that of the investor (direct investment enterprise). The lasting interest impliesRead MoreChecks And Balances Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pageschecks and balances in the United States (US) Government was a goal achieved by dividing power into three governmental branches; legislative branch (Congress), executive branch (Presidency), and a judiciary branch. The power flows from the Judicial Branch to both Congress and Presidency and back again from both branches. The power also flows back and forth between Congress and the Presidency. According to Founder James Madison, they had to â€Å"enable the government to control the govern ed, and the next placeRead MoreImpact Of Trade Relations On International Trade1485 Words   |  6 Pagesdependant on international trade and the government plays a big role in this through forming their trade policy (Miller, 2010). In the past smaller countries have relied on trading with bigger nations, but in the mid-1960’s a lot of countries looked to pursue independence in their foreign policy. Even though we live in this new technological and global age, forming trade relations is vital to our economy. Every country has different trade policies which determine how trade occurs between themselvesRead MoreRole Of A Nation s Government Plays On International Competitiveness And Uses Theories Essay1616 Words   |  7 PagesNew trade theorist, Michael Porter, described the role of governments in international business as one of â€Å"catalyst and challenger† (Pettus Hemls, 2008). A nation’s government has the capacity to control international business handli ng through the implementation of policies, actions and affairs. This essay aims to discuss the role a nation’s government plays in their international competitiveness and uses theories such as protectionism, neo-mercantilism and Porter’s Diamond, as well as real lifeRead MoreDemocracy In Australia Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesThe Australian government and other non-state actors like multinational businesses, the press media and tourists should remain vigilant when interacting or doing business in China. Australia has joined strong allies the US, Japan and other Europe to condemn Chinas human rights violation and its commitment to restore international order on the United National Human Rights Council (Wen, 2017). In the 21st Century Australia is lobbying to ensure everyone have the same rights, treatment, equality beforeRead MoreInternational Trade : The United States1461 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational trade to connect people, business and market. The economist emphasize about the international trade can increase the production of goods and service, increase the demand from the consumer in local or international, the diversification of goods and services and the stability in the supply and prices of goods and services. As a result, it becomes the main part of the international business and motivated countries to trade with borders. The United States implied the government intervention

Smart Phones Classroom Friends or Foes Free Essays

Smart Phones: Classroom Friends or Foes? It’s no surprise that these days all across the United States in any high school and in any classroom, one can find teenagers avidly texting under their desks or behind their text books. While texting may seem innocent enough to the students committing the act, it also proposes the danger and risk that the student could be getting answers for the quiz that they are taking from a friend that’s outside the classroom. The introduction of smart phones, such as the iPhone and the Blackberry seem to have made matters of this phenomenon even worse. We will write a custom essay sample on Smart Phones: Classroom Friends or Foes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now, instead of just having access to other students via texting, kids have the ability to surf the internet or upload audio clips on their cell phones that could be helpful to them while they’re in class. While some would argue that the access to all this information could, in fact, be beneficial to students in the classroom, others would argue the exact opposite. The increased use of these smart phones decreases a student’s attention span, expands the amount of cheating done, exposes students to information that might not be correct, and also increases the amount of disturbances in a classroom.Students of this century rely heavily on the internet to get them through their studies and now that the access to the internet is available on their phones, that reliance will grow to be even greater. With that constant growing reliance on these smart phones, the quality of this generation’s education will begin rapidly decreasing. The ability to concentrate in class and on the lecture the teacher is giving is already a difficult task itself to most students, even without the introduction of texting, music players, or the smart phones.By adding those components the attention level paid to the lesson is slowly diminishing. A student wanting to waste time in class not only has the option to stare out of the window, but now, they can bury their phones in their books and text, surf the web, and listen to music. Now that these devices, such as the iPhone and the Blackberry are available, students don’t have to worry about how they can preoccupy their time, they just have to take out their phones. Cheating is another hindrance that has been more wide spread now that texting has been presented into the classroom.This act of getting answers from one another has been even more enhanced with the rise of smart phones. Now, the student doesn’t only have to rely on their friend, but they have a better option: the internet. These phones allow the students to get on the internet and search for the answers that they need. The iPhone and Blackberry only encourage students to quickly memorize what they get off the web, instead of actually studying the material in depth. Why study when you can get the answers at the tips of your fingers?Also, with programs and features available such as Cha Cha, a number where the student can text a question and receive the answer in a text, the possibility of cheating gets higher and higher. Another problem presented by these phones and their access to the internet is the falsified information on the world wide web. It is highly unusual to find a good source when searching for answers on web search engines such as Google and Yahoo. Also, there is not much time or thinking needed when keying in some words on to these search engines to get the answer that is desired, and who’s to say that the material generated isn’t completely false?The first website that Goog le provides is always Wikipedia, and since Wikipedia can be altered by anybody, the information on it isn’t necessarily credible. Other sites that are provided by Google are usually blogs or personal opinion essays that aren’t very credible at all, either. This decreases the amount the student is learning because instead of studying the correct material before a big test, they can just get quick and easy answers off of their phones right away, not necessarily guaranteeing that these answers they receive are correct,Also, with the growing use of these phones it is more likely that a disturbance will occur in class. Even without these smart phones, a text or a call can happened during class and the ringer can go off, disrupting everybody. The iPhone and Blackberry also include alarms, calendars, and music, etc†¦ and at any time, one of these components can go off in class. This disruption takes time away from the lecture or lesson the teacher is trying to give.Since almost every student can be found on their phones, that means the rate of disturbances will also go up. All of these distractions take a lot of time away from learning: a text message goes off here, an alarm goes off there, and someone’s music might start acciden tally playing. Since the focus is more on these devices that keep going off, students don’t get the most fulfilling learning experience in class. Smart phones, such as the iPhone and the Blackberry, have the potential to completely decrease the amount of learning done in the classroom.While one can argue that they are a beneficial tool that can be used by the students, any classroom in any high school shows the total opposite. These phones have more cons than pros when it comes to their uses in the classroom: their ability to increase cheating, disruptive behavior, falsified information provided by them, and their ability to make students pay attention less in class. Overall, the smart phones will lower the standards and the quality of the education taught today because of these unfortunate cons. How to cite Smart Phones: Classroom Friends or Foes, Papers

Fraternities And Gang Rape Essay Example For Students

Fraternities And Gang Rape Essay Of the 24 documented cases of alleged gang rape by college students in the past 10 years, fraternity men perpetrated 13. The problem of group sexual assault on college campuses mainly occurs in an environment where group behavior and acceptance is important to the men involved, i.e. fraternities (Bechhofer Parrot 144). Looking at the environment surrounding this type of group one can see what causes the prevalence of this type of assault in fraternities. Why does this violence occur within these groups and how is it handled? The dynamics involved in the fraternitys system causes a group-think mentality that promotes and sometimes causes group sexual assault. This group influence, along with the fraternitys selection of men and their adherence to traditional sex role stereotypes reinforces myths of acceptable behavior in men and women and how these play a role concerning consequences. Specific dynamics come into play when discussing how groups of people who might not otherwise act in dividually take part in sexual assaults with other members of their group. The theory of diffusion of responsibility suggests that in situations where the presence of others acting in a similar fashion diminishes the feeling of responsibility any individual feels for the harmful consequences of his or her own behavior (Bechhofer Parrot ed. 147-148). With respect to fraternities, the brother feels less like his own self and more like he is just participating in something that all his brothers are doing as well. They share the blame. A fraternity brother begins to think of the activity as something his brothers are doing and joins in under the influence of a shared activity. Other things may play into the idea that the assailant is not acting alone and is not solely responsible for his actions. Deindividuation is a theory of group behavior that refers to a state of loss of self-awareness, including awareness of ones beliefs, attitudes, and self-standards. This promotes group spirit. In fraternities, Alcohol is used to get group consensus by allowing an escape from ones self-consciousness. Group loyalty will also cause people in a group to deindividualize by taking on the groups identity (Bechhofer ; Parrot 148). In an environment such as a fraternity where incoming pledges are looking to be accepted by a group of men who have the power to reject them, they are greatly influenced by the behavior of the group. Modeling can become a factor in making sexual assault seen as something that is acceptable. Not only does it give the information to the member, it at times shows them how it is done. This can be very influential to incoming members who see fraternities as social leaders and may not question their behavior. Along with these dynamics of group behavior, there are significant attitudes present in the fraternity environment that breeds sexual violence. Sex-roles play an important part in fraternities and how and what is expected from women and men. Peggy Reeves Sanday, suggests that there are Rape-free and Rape prone societies, and fraternities fit the mark for attitudes in a Rape-prone environment. Sanday states that,A rape-prone society is one in which the incidence of rape is reported by observers to be high, or rape is excused a ceremonial expression of masculinity, or rape is an act by which men are allowed to punish or threaten women. (Sanday, VIOLENCE p. 193) Fraternities can be an example of this type of environment. Sanday also suggests that these men fall into the Western cultural myth that man is an animal that evolved with his dominance over women. These men see themselves as being powerful and privileged in their situation as a brother, as well as in being a man in general. Playing out this traditional misogynistic view rationalizes a boys will be boys attitude that, as will be looked at later, affects how this behavior is seen by the community (Sanday 193). The types of men selected to become members of the fraternities reinforce the behaviors and ideas of powerful macho men and perpetuate the cycle of behavior. Fraternities attract a certain type of male, more insecure than average: men whose psychological and social bonds to parents, especially their mothers, have not yet been broken (Hirsch 53). These insecure men tend to find the fraternity life attractive, it allows them to find an identity within the group. Initiation rituals for pledges that wish to join the fraternity back up the misogynistic and unequal views on the masculine and feminine. Sanday states that:The ritual produces anxiety by representing the feminine to the pledge as both dirty and as part of his subjectivity. The ritual then resolves the anxiety by cleansing the pledge of his supposed feminine identification and promising him a lifelong position in a purified male social order. (Sanday 171)These rituals often involve the violent abuse of pledges, therefor showing them that this type of violence against those who are being submissive (pledges), is an integral part of their bonding. Out of this feeling of superiority and power that the members get from being in their privileged male status, a sexual double arises. Men are predators who are rewarded for their conquests; women on the other hand are punished either way. One Greek man stated that, Women who sleep around are sluts and get bad reputations; men who do are champions and get a pat on the back from their brothers. Greek men have also stated that they feel pressure to disrespect women when they are in the group (Boswell 141). Boswell states that fraternity men usually treat the girlfriends of members with more respect (138). This can be linked to the fact that they are already possessed by a man, whereas the girls with out boyfriends must be looking for a man. The idea that men must act out their sexual urges and women should remain passive and naive about sex is accepted and can be used against an assaulted victim if it goes to trial. A Tale Of Two Cities Theme EssayMany rituals in fraternities are done for the bond of the brothers, yet certain behaviors are extreme to separate any confusion of their heterosexuality, especially when it is a bunch of men living together. In party sexual activities, Sanday suggests that fraternity brothers split lust from love. She states that:Such a split is necessary for homophobic men living in groups structured by ties demanding mutual loyalty. These men must be careful not to act out sexual feelings for a loved brother lest it compromise their status as privileged, heterosexual males, nor can they show loyalty or love for a party woman lest this weaken the fraternal bond. (Sanday 37)The idea of fraternal bond as a male power transfers the act of gang rape not into a masculine claiming of power and dominance of women. Women being seen as those who are weak and need to be dominated. This motivation as well as the overall idea that women want it is underline in our culture and s ystem and have made it difficult for the prosecution of gang rapes. Many often lead to victim blaming and an idea that fraternity men have a sort of status in society, mostly coming from middle to upper class homes. The act of victim blaming comes up with gang rape, as well as many other rape cases. The fraternity gang rape cases are particularly hard due to a lack of concern from the University Officials. Usually no action is taken so that the University can look good. The Universitys actions were so mild in one rape case that the faculty put together a committee to investigate the proceedings. They learned that the mild sanctions placed on the six fraternity members who raped a student included, writing assignments, discussions, and community service. This was supposed to make the respondents understand why their actions were wrong and to foster their development as mature and responsible adults (Sanday 77). The mild punishment that was given to these men can be seen in many other instances of rape trials, where the women ends up on trial instead of the man or men who raped her. In an Michigan State University rape in 1984 where seven college students were tried for 3rd degree sexual assault of a 17-year-old MSU student in a dormitory. Five defense attorneys each displayed the victims jeans and football jersey before the court and asked why she wasnt wearing a bra when she went to the party (Bechhofer Parrot ed. 140). As Sanday states, By blaming women for provoking male sexual aggression, women are controlled through the agency of fear. This causes an aggressive attitudes in men and a passive, fearful attitude in women (89). This then keeps the gender hierarchy in check. The problem of gang rape in fraternities around the country is one that needs to be seen through the workings of an intricate system of values and beliefs. The facts that these men live in confined quarters together and have certain beliefs of power, privilege, and loyalty to their brothers, causes attitudes of misogyny and violent behavior toward women. The dynamics of group behavior as well as the environment that is created by many people with these beliefs living together and choosing new members, perpetuates this cycle of violence. 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